Understanding Leadership free essay sample

There are various elements that will decide your decision of Leadership style. To pick the best methodology for you, you should consider: Your characteristic style or favored style (This is dictated by your own character) Your degree of duty (You may confront various sorts of choices) The current task (Is it a standard errand or something new and imaginative) Assessment of circumstance Timescales (When should the assignment be finished) The ability levels and experience of your group The character of the group/singular individuals. The authoritative condition (Is the association steady or changing) The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory recognizes four distinctive administration styles. These various styles can be drawn after relying upon the circumstance. The hypothesis expresses that as opposed to utilizing only one style, fruitful pioneers should change their administration styles dependent on the assignment, circumstance and status of the gathering. Situational Leadership Google Images Hersey and Blanchard four fundamental Leadership Styles Telling/Directing (S1) †Leaders instruct their kin and how to do it. We will compose a custom exposition test on Getting Leadership or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Positives: Precise Instructions and cutoff times, intently screens progress Negatives: Staff may feel their conclusions are not esteemed, Motivational issues Selling/Coaching (S2) †Leaders give data and course, yet theres more correspondence with supporters. Pioneers offer their message to get individuals ready. Positives: Improve staff execution, constructs certainty Negatives: Time speculation tuning in and exhorting, Participating/Supporting (S3) †Leaders center more around the relationship and less on course. The pioneer works with the group, and offers dynamic duties. Positives: Staff urged to take responsibility for task Negatives: Delegating (S4) †Leaders pass the majority of the duty onto the devotee or gathering. The pioneers despite everything screen progress, yet theyre less associated with choices. Positives: Empowering staff to act and decide, Negatives: Potential to be seen as partiality, As you can see, styles S1 and S2 are centered around completing the undertaking. Styles S3 and S4 are progressively worried about creating colleagues capacities to work freely. As indicated by Hersey and Blanchard, realizing when to utilize each style is to a great extent reliant on the status of the individual or gathering youre driving. They likewise separate status into four distinct levels. (See Appendix 1) Using this hypothesis, pioneers can put pretty much accentuation on the undertaking, and pretty much accentuation on the associations with the individuals they are driving, contingent upon whats expected to take care of business effectively. (http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newLDR_44. htm) 02/02/14 Leadership styles or practices are probably going to have a constructive or adverse impact on individual and gathering conduct In my job I deal with a group of 11 individuals there are various solid characters inside the group. They all have differing degrees of information and involvement with their particular jobs which influences their individual expertise levels. Nobody style of the board is positive or negative, an administration style can be a decent or poor fit contingent upon the circumstance. This is the reason I discover the Situational Leadership approach the best and attempt to change instinctually between the four styles as indicated by the individuals and sort of work I am managing at that point. It is basic to be versatile as there are positives and negatives to the various styles whenever utilized in an inappropriate circumstance. Anyway I think my characteristic style is a blend of Selling and Supporting . Instances of when I have utilized these various styles are beneath: Selling: My group have various focuses on that must be met. A portion of the staff are reliably beneath their objectives for different reasons, for example, overwhelming outstanding burden, authoritative aptitudes, organizing and so forth. In this circumstance I will converse with them coordinated clarifying their objectives and why they must be met plotting the advantages to the group and friends. I likewise empower their information, tuning in to their thoughts of how they can improve and create. Supporting: An accomplished colleague me that they were battling with their remaining burden. That it had gotten excessively and they could not adapt anymore. I plunked down with the individual and tuned in to what work they had remarkable and how things had gotten excessively. In the wake of talking it turned out to be evident that it was because of an absence of inspiration and association that things had developed, bringing about an absence of certainty to refocus. I realized this individual had the information and aptitudes to finish the work so I gave acclaim for past work they had done well to expand certainty. I at that point gave direction and backing of how to arrange their outstanding remaining task at hand. This brought about the individual from staff feeling much increasingly certain and spurred to finish the exceptional undertakings. I additionally utilize Telling and Delegating relying upon the circumstance or job that needs to be done. For example I would utilize Telling if an individual from staff can't or reluctant to finish an errand. I would utilize Delegating if the individual from staff is able and roused bringing about my trust to finish the undertaking. Its a supervisors duty to be a chameleon by changing their style to suit the circumstance. Along these lines you will expand the profitability and commitment of the entire group. My own authority practices and potential with regards to a specific administration model and own organisation’s working practices and culture, utilizing criticism from others The Johari Window is a valuable instrument for helping fabricate mindfulness and addition a comprehension of how others see you. To help structure my very own judgment initiative practices I solicited 14 individuals from my group to finish a Johari Window gift comprising of 56 modifiers and requested that they circle 5 words they felt best depicted me. I likewise finished my own gift to think about against my associates. The finished structures (See Appendix 2) This is my Johari Window Known to Others Blind Spots Unknown to us Known To others capable, tolerating, versatile, quiet, sprightly, shrewd, honorable, benevolent, autonomous, proficient, intelligent, unassuming, perceptive, composed, persistent, loose, responsive, self-self-assured, reasonable, thoughtful, clever Public Knowledge Known to us known to others caring sure reliable supportive dependable. Mysterious Unknown to us Unknown to othersâ bold, daring, mind boggling, enthusiastic, outgoing, giving, cheerful, hopeful, bright, clever, withdrawn, kind, adoring, develop, anxious, amazing, glad, tranquil, intelligent, strict, looking, hesitant, wistful, timid, senseless, unconstrained, tense, warm, shrewd Private Knowledge Known to us Unknown to others Unknown to Others I found the consequences of the Johari window practice intriguing. The 5 words I had decided to best portray myself were completely picked by in any event one of my associates and subsequently positioned in the Public Knowledge area. The words that were picked the most (Public Knowledge) certain x 8, supportive x 7, (Blind Spots) inviting x 6, proficient x 4, adabtable x 4, quiet x 4, sensible x 4, loosened up x 4. I have a decent connection with my group that has been worked through acceptable correspondence and being open about my contemplations/emotions. I think this has assisted with increasing a trust and downplaying which is reflected in the consequences of the Johari Window. I will keep on looking for input from my group to help lessen my Blind zone and increment my Open zone. Likewise taking a gander at my character and initiative practices I finished the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) survey and during the Understanding Leadership Course we took a gander at the outcomes. My sort marker is beneath; Google Images The administration style of the ESFJ is delicately dictator and definitive. As a chief, the ESFJ anticipates that everybody should adhere to the principles and methods truly. Chain of importance is regarded. They are harmonious, useful, accommodating and insightful and wish to please. They center around amicability and common help and accomplishing results through collaboration and a feeling of shared having a place. There are a few likenesses in the consequences of the MBTI and the aftereffects of the Johari Window. The two activities show solid character qualities of being Helpful, mindful, accommodating and insightful. Fitting activities to upgrade own initiative conduct with regards to the specific authority model My favored style of administration is Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership. This model requires a pioneer to be fit for adjusting or changing authority conduct and utilizing various styles of initiative relying upon Competence Certainty and responsibility Ability Willingness Hersey and Blanchard further portrayed these ‘Situations’ requiring a high or low initiative accentuation on the Task and the Relationship. This isn't in every case simple and to be an effective pioneer in this model you should know your own qualities and shortcomings just as those of the group. To develop as an individual and get the best out of others, I should profit by my qualities, yet in addition face my shortcomings and manage them. That implies really investigating my character type’s potential issue zones. I considered my Myers Briggs Type Indicator ESFJ to check whether there are any regular weakness’s of this character type that I can identify with me. These are a few models; May be inclined to battle with instability coming from their powerful urge to be preferred Strongly hates analysis and struggle †can be excessively touchy Tendency to hate change May respond too rapidly and too genuinely in a circumstance better managed in an increasingly even minded manner To improve my mindfulness I returned to my Johari Window results, specifically my Blind Spots. Picking up criticism and learn

Definition and Examples of Evaluation Essays

Definition and Examples of Evaluation Essays Anâ evaluation article is aâ composition that offers esteem decisions about a specific subject as per a lot of measures. Additionally calledâ evaluative composition, evaluative exposition or report, and basic assessment article. An assessment paper or report is a kind of contention that gives proof to legitimize an essayists feelings about a subject. Any sort of audit is basically a piece ofâ evaluative composition, says Allen S. Goose. This sort of composing requires the basic considering aptitudes investigation, blend, and assessment (8 Kinds of Writing, 2001).â Perceptions Without valid justifications for preferring or despising certain things, understudies can never get past being latent recipients of promoting, whimsical customers without a reason for their sentiments. Composing assessment papers asks them to address for what good reason they feel the way they do.(Allison D. Smith, et al., Teaching in the Pop Culture Zone: Using Popular Culture in the Composition Classroom. Wadsworth, 2009) Step by step instructions to Evaluate On the off chance that you are assessing a bit of composing, at that point you are going to need to completely peruse the work. While you read the work, remember the rules you are utilizing to assess. The evaluative viewpoints might be: punctuation, sentence structure, spelling, content, utilization of sources, style, or numerous different things. Different interesting points while assessing a bit of composing is whether the composing spoke to its intended interest group. Was there a passionate intrigue? Did the creator connect with the crowd, or was the piece lacking something? ...On the off chance that you are assessing whatever else, think carefully. You have to attempt, use, or test whatever thing you are assessing. That implies you ought not assess a 2005 Chevrolet Corvette except if you have the $45,000 (or more) to get one, or the cash to lease one. You additionally need the skill of driving a vehicle of that power and a base of information on different vehicles that you have tried to look at it to.(Joe Torres, Rhetoric and Composition Study Guide. Worldwide Media, 2007) Distinguishing Criteria for an Evaluation Make a rundown of noticeable, generally perceived principles for making a decision about your subject. In the event that you don't have the foggiest idea about the principles normally used to assess your subject, you could do some exploration. For instance, on the off chance that you are investigating a film, you could peruse a couple of late film audits on the web or in the library, taking note of the guidelines that analysts ordinarily use and the reasons that they affirm for preferring or detesting a film. In the event that you are assessing a soccer group or one winning (or losing) game, you could peruse a book on training soccer or converse with an accomplished soccer mentor to find out about what makes a phenomenal soccer group or winning game.(Rise B. Axelrod and Charles R. Cooper, Axelrod Coopers Concise Guide to Writing, fourth ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2006) Methods of Organizing an Evaluation Essay One approach to arrange anâ evaluation paper isâ point-by-point: portray one component of the subject and afterward assess it; present the following component and assess it, etc. Correlation/difference could be a sorting out structure as well,â in which you assess something byâ comparing (or differentiating) it to a known thing. Culinary and music audits frequently utilize this strategy. Chronological association can be usedâ for assessing an occasion (either present or authentic). Consecutive association can be utilized while depicting how something functions and assessing the adequacy of the procedure, strategy, or instrument. Spatial association can be utilized for assessing artâ or design in which you depict and assess one component of the relic and afterward move spatially to the following significant component to be portrayed and evaluated.(David S. Hogsette, Writing That Makes Sense: Critical Thinking in College Composition. Wipf and Stock,â 2009)

Freedom Rides

Before the opportunity rides indigenous individuals were abused and weren’t viewed as five star residents of Australia. Be that as it may, when individuals got mindful of the abuse, they began to dissent in numerous spots in New South Wales, this was known as the opportunity rides. This development was driven by Charles Perkins, who was one of the primary indigenous individuals to go to college. The abuse of indigenous individuals began when the European’s took over Australia, and heightened after some time. They were viewed as peasants. When of league, in 1901, native individuals were excluded from the constitution or the registration and were prohibited from society which was known as protectionism. The white Australians accepted that they were helping the Aborigines by utilizing the insurance strategies. Be that as it may, in all actuality these approaches confined them from their families, conventional land and expelled them from their common legacy and culture. The Aborigines were educated to live like the white Australians so the could acclimatize into the white society and were regularly prepared to be slaves for White People. Charles Perkins was a native who like numerous was taken from his family and land. He was anyway treated very much contrasted with what most Indigenous Australians confronted when taken under the security arrangements. In 1965, more than thirty Sydney University understudies, drove by Charles Perkins and Gary Williams, spoke to Student Action For Aborigines (SAFA) and went in a transport all over north and west of New South Wales. This was known as the Freedom Ride, and the understudies turned out to be notable as the ‘Freedom Riders’. The point of the opportunity riders was to feature the prejudice depicted in the ‘White Australia Policy’ which was brought into impact during Federation by Sir Edmund Barton. The arrangement implied that the Aborigines were prohibited, or sometimes isolated from whites, in shops, films, lodgings and clubs and open pools. The opportunity riders were loudly and truly manhandled in many towns they visited during fight. The opportunity rides were impacted by the bigotry which was occurring in the US, where there was additionally isolation between the white and dark network. This was a universal achievement. Charles Perkins was additionally a soccer star which allowed him the chance to travel calm frequently. On numerous events he saw racial maltreatment in the nation towns of New South Whales, where numerous Aboriginals were corrupted in the public arena. Charles Perkins didn't encounter a lot of prejudice as he was brought up in the city contrasted with different Aboriginals who were dealt with brutally. In the wake of seeing victimization his own race he promptly made a move. The opportunity rides that were occurring in the US motivated him to act likewise. Charles Perkins alongside his University bolster voyaged all through New South Whales. Perkins watched the prejudice that occurred in a town called Moree where Aboriginal kids were to shower before entering the pool and leave at a specific time. There was a ton of savagery that occurred in Moree because of its racial untouchables. Charles Perkins utilized his fame to get his statement out there that Aboriginals ought not be debased at all. The understudies were both truly and obnoxiously manhandled, thus chose to dissent alongside numerous different Aboriginals. The Freedom Riders objective was at long last accomplished in the 1967 referndum which expressed that Aboriginals would be classed as residents of Australia and would be included in the registration votes. From the previously mentioned realities it tends to be presumed that the opportunity ride development and charles perkins positively affected raising racial mindfulness. The opportunity rides pulled in a ton of media consideration at both the National and worldwide level. It created conversations about the indigenous people’s rights and put a ton of focus on the Government for change.

LANDSCAPE REHABILITATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Scene REHABILITATION - Essay Example As of now, the zone is loaded up with water and neglected from the unearthings and the pits. The pits on the site have filled in as a dumping region for squanders for a long time and would require reclamation. The reclamation of the site will remember expulsion of the abundance water for the pits, filling the pits and planting fitting plant species to improve the dirt dependability. The Strategic Context The Formulated Objectives I. To give of a specialist report on the way to restore Blackpool working region. The arrangement would give strategies to understand a full recovery and support of the district. ii. To clarify and the standards behind every method utilized in the process to encourage understanding among the planets. The clarifications would exhort on the suitable rule by distinguishing the benefits and faults of every standard and requirement for its execution (Liddle, 1997). iii. To use the customary models of recovery on declined conditions. http://www.mindat.org/gphotos/ 0357418001078092838.jpg Setting of the Site The Plan Layout Retrieved on April 24th 2012 http://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_0552001/report/vol1/vo_1.htm Site Plan and Design Considerations The Landscape Plan Goals To give a vital setting to the arrangement would require the incorporation of made and affirmed targets. The organizers should likewise think about the fuse of the nearby network in the choice of the site to utilize and the vital offices. To give the possibility system to the recovery will request an arrangement for the site design and the endorsed areas for finishing, the periods of work and the methodology. The natural life contemplations will focus on the addition of the plants’ species enhancement. The variety will also build the quantity of the local animals’ people that the Blackpool mining site can endure. In the end, the other concern worth joining is the inclination of the clients. This thought will characterize the passage purpo se of the site and the request for section and an arbor structure will be situated at the passageway (Heywood and Carver, 2006). The Physical Reclamation Design This arrangement focuses on the formation of a helpful situation for people in general into the Blackpool and makes a forest vibe inside the urban arrangement. Plants ought to be found and collected to coordinate perspectives and give roads in the space between the restored site and the Clay Works. The plants ought to be introduced in regular game plans. The arrangement ought to deflect clear lines or formal methods of planting trees. Constrained groupings of comparative plant species should offer the supreme example (Hawke and Jose, 1995).The organizers need to think about explanation behind restoration to give a provisional rule. The requirement for restoration should coordinate the restoring group on the zones to underline on as for the destinations. The accessibility of assets must be tended to and considered as one of t he basic features for the achievement of the recovery procedure. There must be sufficient accounts to finance the procedure by recruiting or buying the substantial hardware and apparatuses together with the plant administrators utilized. The staff associated with the recovery procedure must be capable and acquainted with the land and ecological issues. The responsibility for land is basic for thought in light of the fact that the possession

Why Your EFC May Go Up This Year

HomeFinanceFinancial aidWhy Your EFC May Go Up This YearThis page may contain affiliate links.Dec 30, 2019One of the big questions being asked right now in the Paying for College 101 Facebook Group is this: Why is my EFC so high? With the latest formula for Expected Family Contribution (EFC) out for the 2020-21 academic year, some families are feeling the pinch as their kids attend college. Heres what you need to know about EFC — and how it impacts the college bottom line. What Does a High EFC Mean? Your EFC is the amount of money the government thinks your family can afford to put toward a students college education for that year. So if you have an EFC of $15,000, the government expects that your family can pay for that much of the college bill this year. If you have a high EFC, it means the feds think yourfamily will be able to cover a bigger portion of your cost of a higher education —especially if your EFC is more than the cost of the college your student is attending. In those cases, the government assumes your family can afford all the costs of college. When determining your EFC, the government uses the information provided on your Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Some of the factors included in the EFC formula are: Household size Number of kids in college Student income and assets Parent income and assets Age of the oldest parent The Department of Education offers an EFC formula guide, and you can also estimate your potential EFC by using the calculator from CollegeBoard. What Is The Asset Protection Allowance? There is an allowance designed to shield some parent assets from inclusion in the calculations, helping reduce your EFC. However, the number of assets protected from the calculation has been falling in recent years. The following image, from Edvisors, illustrates the drop in the number of assets taken out of the reckoning for parents. As you can see, for school year 2009-10, parents in their mid-40s could expect to see about $50,000 in assets shielded from EFC calculations. By 2016-17, that amount had dropped below $20,000. For the 2019-20 year, a 45-year-old (married) parent will only see $11,100 in joint assets shielded and for the current 2020-2021 year the joint asset protection amount has dropped to just $5500. All parental assets above your asset protected amount are considered in the FAFSA calculation. And that, right there, is the answer to the question, Why is my EFC so high? Fewer assets are being shielded in the formula, and that means more ofthe parents savings, investments, and other assets are being included in the calculation. For many middle-income families, this can mean the loss of need-based financial aid. With more assets being counted as proof that a family can afford to shoulder more college costs, EFC is going up for many people. Avoid Common FAFSA Mistakes In addition to changes in the EFC calculation, many families make mistakes when filling out FAFSA, which lead to unnecessarily high EFCs. One common mistake that has occured to many members of our Paying For College 101 Facebook group has to do with retirement rollovers. Dawn Kirsch recently posted this PSA to members of the group: Public Service Announcement for FAFSA filers. Heres a very important piece of info I wish I had known. If you have done an IRA rollover and received a 1099 form for your taxes, the FAFSA does NOT take that into account and will have grossly inflated numbers for your EFC. (Ask me how I know 🠤 £.) The data retrieval tool does not delineate between rollover and distribution payouts, which is a HUGE difference. The college will have to manually correct this for you. Apparently this is a pretty common error when dealing with a rollover scenario. My college knew right away what had happened to give us an EFC of $143,000, and said it would be an easy fix for them when I bring in the 1099 forms to the financial aid office. To avoid having retirement rollovers mistreated, professionals suggest you do not use DRT, the data retrieval tool which automatically pulls information from your taxes. As of now, DRT does not properly categorize retirement rollovers and includes this information in your income, grossly overstating your EFC. If you or your spouse had a retirement rollover during the tax year for which you are using to fill out FAFSA, manually enter your information and avoid using DRT. As Dawn found out, if you do use DRT and it mishandles your retirement rollover, youll need to contact the financial aid office for each school for which your student is submitting FAFSA and explain your situation. Most likely, youll also be asked to submit additional documentation before the school can make corrections on their end. Unfortunately, there are many other mistakes families make when filling out FAFSA. Take your time and read up on common FAFSA mistakes you can avoid, before you delve in. I Have A High EFC. Should I Still Fill Out The FAFSA? At this point, you might be asking, Why do we have to fill out a FAFSA if our EFC is so high and we wont get financial aid? Even if you have a high EFC, it still makes sense to fill out the FAFSA. Your EFC might be high enough to disqualify you from need-based aid, like grants, but you might still be able to get federal work-study or get federal student and parent loans. In order to access federal student loans and other types of financial aid, you still need to fill out the FAFSA. On top of that, many school-based scholarships also take information from the FAFSA — even for merit-based aid. Government need-based grants arent the only forms of financial aid. Federal student loans and federal work-study programs are also considered student aid. Plus, state programs and school programs are also considered financial aid. And, if parents want to use Parent PLUS loans to help out, the FAFSA is part of that process. So, if you still need money to help pay for school, filling out the FAFSA is important. Keep EFC Sticker Shock From Derailing Your Plans One of the best ways to avoid sticker shock is to estimate your familys EFC before senior year. Keep an eye on the situation, and estimate it each year of high school. This can provide your family with time to look into other options for paying for school, including federal and private student loans, scholarships, and efforts to save up using accounts like a 529. When you have an idea of what the government thinks your family should pay, and you can see the gap in what you can practically afford, you can start taking steps to close that gap and make sure to get thebest bang for your college buck. Find a College That Can Offer Free Money Remember, you are not in this on your own. Regardless of what your EFC is and whether or not you can afford it, you need to be financially strategic when searching for colleges. The amount of free money colleges offer is FOUR times the amount of money given out in private scholarships. Money given by colleges to students for either need or merit awards (also known as institutional grants) is the second largest source of free money, the largest being the Federal government. You can focus your students college search on schools that are known to be more generous with either merit scholarships or need based aid. Whether you need a school that comes close to meeting 100% of need, or you want to focus on getting as much in merit scholarships as possible, you can identify the best schools for your family. Check out our College Data Spreadsheettoday! The Spreadsheet allows you to search schools where your student is in the top 25th percentile. This helps you identify schools where your student is most likely to get the most free money in either merit scholarships or need based aid. Find FREE Money From Colleges

FREE PANCE PANRE

Questions 60-90 Please wait while the activity loads. If this activity does not load, try refreshing your browser. Also, this page requires javascript. Please visit using a browser with javascript enabled. If loading fails, click here to try again Start Congratulations - you have completed Questions 60-90. You scored %%SCORE%% out of %%TOTAL%%. Your performance has been rated as %%RATING%% %%FORM%% Have Your Exam Results Emailed to You Enter your name and email address below to have your results as well as the test questions, your answers and the correct answers delivered to your inbox. Name First Last Email mTouch Quiz Populated FieldsmTouch Quiz will automatically populate the fields below. Feel Free to add additional fields for the Quiz Taker to complete using the "Add Fields" options to the right.Quiz NameThe name of the quizResults SummaryScoreThe number of correct answers. This has the same value as the %%SCORE%% Variable on the Final Screen.Total QuestionsThe total number of questions. This has the same value as the %%TOTAL%% Variable on the Final Screen.PercentageCorrect answer percentage. This has the same value as the %%PERCENTAGE%% Variable on the Final Screen.Wrong AnswersNumber of wrong answers. This has the same value as the %%WRONG_ANSWERS%% Variable on the Final Screen.Time Allowed (Seconds)Time allowed (Requires timer add on). This has the same value as the %%TIME_ALLOWED%% Variable on the Final Screen.Time Used (Seconds)Time used (Requires timer add on). This has the same value as the %%TIME_USED%% Variable on the Final Screen. This iframe contains the logic required to handle Ajax powered Gravity Forms. jQuery(document).ready(function($){gformInitSpinner( 7, 'https://www.thepalife.com/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.gif' );jQuery('#gform_ajax_frame_7').on('load',function(){var contents = jQuery(this).contents().find('*').html();var is_postback = contents.indexOf('GF_AJAX_POSTBACK') >= 0;if(!is_postback){return;}var form_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_wrapper_7');var is_confirmation = jQuery(this).contents().find('#gform_confirmation_wrapper_7').length > 0;var is_redirect = contents.indexOf('gformRedirect(){') >= 0;var is_form = form_content.length > 0 var mt = parseInt(jQuery('html').css('margin-top'), 10) + parseInt(jQuery('body').css('margin-top'), 10) + 100;if(is_form){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').html(form_content.html());if(form_content.hasClass('gform_validation_error')){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').addClass('gform_validation_error');} else {jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').removeClass('gform_validation_error');}setTimeout( function() { /* delay the scroll by 50 milliseconds to fix a bug in chrome */ jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').offset().top - mt); }, 50 );if(window['gformInitDatepicker']) {gformInitDatepicker();}if(window['gformInitPriceFields']) {gformInitPriceFields();}var current_page = jQuery('#gform_source_page_number_7').val();gformInitSpinner( 7, 'https://www.thepalife.com/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/images/spinner.gif' );jQuery(document).trigger('gform_page_loaded', [7, current_page]);window['gf_submitting_7'] = false;}else if(!is_redirect){var confirmation_content = jQuery(this).contents().find('.GF_AJAX_POSTBACK').html();if(!confirmation_content){confirmation_content = contents;}setTimeout(function(){jQuery('#gform_wrapper_7').replaceWith(confirmation_content);jQuery(document).scrollTop(jQuery('#gf_7').offset().top - mt);jQuery(document).trigger('gform_confirmation_loaded', [7]);window['gf_submitting_7'] = false;}, 50);}else{jQuery('#gform_7').append(contents);if(window['gformRedirect']) {gform Redirect();}}jQuery(document).trigger('gform_post_render', [7, current_page]);} );} ); jQuery(document).bind('gform_post_render', function(event, formId, currentPage){if(formId == 7) {} } );jQuery(document).bind('gform_post_conditional_logic', function(event, formId, fields, isInit){} ); jQuery(document).ready(function(){jQuery(document).trigger('gform_post_render', [7, 1]) } ); Your answers are highlighted below. Question 1A patient presents complaining of severe pain and "burning" in an extremity.   You note that the extremity is pale and cool to the touch. You cannot appreciate a palpable pulsation. Which of the following diagnostic modalities will identify the source of this patient's problem in approximately 95% of cases? Achest x-rayBechocardiogramCangiogramDabdominal flat plateEaortic ultrasoundQuestion 1 Explanation: An angiogram is the "gold standard" for occlusion of an arterial vessel. Arterial embolism/thrombosis  is covered as part of the  PANCE Cardiology Blueprint. Question 2A 31-year-old pharmacist complaining of rectal pain. He describes the pain as "a severe tightness that awakens him from sleep." His bowel activity is normal. He denies rectal bleeding and seepage. He adds that sleep interruption is problematic because, with the number of hours he works, every minute of sleep is important. What is the most likely diagnosis? Aanal abseessHint: Abscess would be constantBperianal fistulaHint: fistula would drainCproctalgia fugax Dulcerative colitisHint: UC would cause bloody mucousy diarrheaEinternal hemorrhoids.Hint: hemorrhoids would cause no pain, but bleeding.Question 2 Explanation: proctalgia (rectal pain) fugax (comes and goes) is the best description. An abscess would be constant, fistula would drain, UC would cause bloody mucousy diarrhea, hemorrhoids would cause no pain, but bleeding. Disorders of the Anus and Rectum  are covered as part of the  PANCE GI and Nutrition Blueprint. Question 3A 38-year-old chronic smoker presents with shortness of breath and wheezing. He has had several similar episodes in the past. He states that each previous episode began after developing a "cold that moved into his chest." Usually, after treatment with albuterol (VENTOLIN) and several days, the wheezing stops. He adds that he has a chronic cough, productive of mucous, most mornings during the past several years. Which of the following best describes this patient's condition? Achronic emphysemaBchronic bronchitisCchronic bronchitis with hypersensitive airways (asthmatic bronchitis)Dcor pulmonaleEbronchiectasisQuestion 3 Explanation: This is the best descriptor. Chronic bronchitis  is covered as part of the  PANCE Pulmonary Blueprint. Question 4A patient is being treated for Tuberculosis. She is experiencing central scotomata, a loss of green-red color perception and decreased visual acuity. Which agent is most likely responsible? ArifampinBisoniazidCstreptomycinDethambutolEpara-aminosalicylic acidQuestion 4 Explanation: Ethambutol is the TB drug that causes eye symptoms. It's helpul to remember "E" for Ethambutol causes "E"ye symptoms. Tuberculosis is covered as part of the  PANCE Infectious Disease Blueprint. Question 5Secondary to a traumatic event, a child complains of pain in the index finger. An x-ray of the digit demonstrates a fracture line through the metaphysis of the proximal aspect of the middle phalanx, ending at the epiphyseal plate. What type of fracture does this child have? ASalter Harris Type IHint: Salter I = slight increase in Space between epiphyseal plate and metaphysisBSalter Harris Type IICSalter Harris Type IIIHint: Salter III = fx Lower (in the epiphyseal plate) DSalter Harris Type IVHint: Salter IV = fit Through (both the metaphysis and epiphysis) ESalter Harris Type VHint: Salter V = Really bad (comminuted fx compressing the epiphysis) This spells SALTR and may help you remember.Question 5 Explanation: Salter I = slight increase in Space between epiphyseal plate and metaphysis Salter II = fx Above the plate (in the metaphysis) Salter III = fx Lower (in the epiphyseal plate) Salter IV = fit Through (both the metaphysis and epiphysis) Salter V = Really bad (comminuted fx compressing the epiphysis) This spells SALTR and may help you remember. Types of fractures and Salter-Harris classification are covered as part of the PANCE Musculoskeletal Blueprint Question 6A 24-year-old male presents complaining of chest pain. He states that it is worse with swallowing and taking a deep breath. It is improved by sitting up and leaning forward. He denies trauma, a cough, and shortness of breath. Which of the following tests would be most compatible with your suspected diagnosis? Aa hiatal hernia visualized on chest x-rayBa normal erythrocyte sedimentation rateCcalcified "popcorn" lesions in the lung fields bilaterallyDdiffuse ST segment elevation on his electrocardiographEa widened A-a gradient on his arterial blood gasQuestion 6 Explanation: This is pericarditis (by clinical presentation) which causes diffuse ST-segment elevation on ECG (there can be notching of the R wave as well). Acute pericarditis is covered as part of the PANCE Cardiology Blueprint. Any infant (neonate) with fever and rash should have a lumbar puncture (LP). While I would certainly do a CBC, even if it was normal, I would want the LP. Question 8Your 27-year-old sister is visiting and requests you to provide refills of  dexamethasone and  homatropine ophthalmic drops for her. What condition is most likely being treated? Aconjunctivitis BglaucomaCiritisDHerpes keratitisEblepharitisQuestion 8 Explanation: Iritis is treated with steroid drops (dexamethasone) and miotic drops *homatropine, like atropine (to constrict and fix the pupil to help the pain and open the angle until the iritis is resolved). Iritis and  disorders of the Eye (PEARLS)  are covered as part of the PANCE EENT Blueprint. Question 9A 58-year-old male presents complaining of weakness of his grip. Your  examination reveals that the problem is bilateral. During the next few office visits, you note the development of hyperactivity of his DTRs, extensor plantar reflexes and dysarthria. The patient's sensory system remains normal and he denies any urinary symptomatology. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Amultiple sclerosisHint: MS may have dysarthria, but reflexes are normal, sensation is impaired and bladder function is frequently affectedBAlzheimer's diseaseHint: Alzheimer's has normal neuro exam with cognitive disability. CHuntington's choreaHint: Huntington's causes a movement disorder with writhing choreiform movements of the bodyDamyotrophic lateral sclerosisEmyasthenia gravisHint: Myasthenia causes fatigue of the ocular muscles typically worsening at the end of the day.Question 9 Explanation: ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) is a progressive bilateral muscle disease which causes fasciculations (lower motor neuron), and hyperreflexia, plantar reflexes (upper motor neuron) and dysarthria. Sensation is normal as is bladder function. MS may have dysarthria, but reflexes are normal, sensation is impaired and bladder function is frequently affected. Alzheimer's has normal neuro exam with cognitive disability. Huntington's causes a movement disorder with writhing choreiform movements of the body. Myasthenia causes fatigue of the ocular muscles typically worsening at the end of the day. Question 10Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of multiple myeloma? Aelevated serum calciumBosteoporosisC"punched out" osseous lesionsDplasma cell infiltration of bone marrowEhypogammaglobulinemiaQuestion 10 Explanation: Multiple myeloma is a HYPERgammaglobulinemia - all of the other findings occur in multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is covered as part of the  PANCE Hematology Blueprint. Question 11Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis? ALow testosterone levels in menBLow levels of physical activityCInadequate dietary proteinDCigarette smokingEChronic corticosteroid useQuestion 11 Explanation: Low dietary Calcium, not protein, is a risk factor for osteoporosis. All of the others are risk factors. Osteoporosis  is covered as part of the  PANCE Musculoskeletal Blueprint. Question 12A 12-year-old male presents complaining of no appetite for 24 hours and pain  near his navel. During the night, the pain moved to the right lower abdomen. He is now nauseated and vomiting and has a low-grade fever. In the operating room, a normal appendix is discovered. What is the most likely diagnosis? Amesenteric ischemiaBdiverticulitisCmesenteric adenitisDcholecystitisEproctitisQuestion 12 Explanation: Mesenteric adenitis (lymphadenopathy of the mesentery - usually from a virus) can mimic appendicitis and usually occurs in kids. There is usually no way to diagnose it pre-operatively, except perhaps with a CT of the abdomen (usually done nowadays before going to the OR). Review  Diseases of the Small Intestine and Colon (PEARLS) from the  PANCE GI and Nutrition Blueprint Question 13A patient that must be on a beta-blocking agent has reactive airway disease and commonly experiences central nervous system side effects from medications. Which of the following beta-blockers would most likely be tolerated by this patient? AatenololBmetoprololCnadololDpropranololEpindololQuestion 13 Explanation: This is a picky question for the Boards. Of these Beta-blockers (which are usually AVOIDED) in reactive airway disease - metoprolol is the most "cardioselective", so theoretically could be used.... although, on an exam, I would avoid beta-blockers in general. Asthma  is covered as part of the PANCE Pulmonary Blueprint Question 14A polarized light microscopic study of joint fluid demonstrates negative birefringent crystals. What is the diagnosis? Arheumatoid arthritisBseptic arthritisCpseudogout goutHint: Calcium Pyrophosphate (pseudogout) is Prism-shaped crystals with Positive birefringence - To remember this think "P"seudogout has "P"rism shaped crystals and "P"ositive birefringence.Daseptic arthritisEgoutQuestion 14 Explanation: Uric acid (gout) is "Needle-shaped crystals with Negative birefringence). Calcium Pyrophosphate (pseudogout) is Prism-shaped crystals with Positive birefringence - To remember this think "P"seudogout has "P"rism shaped crystals and "P"ositive birefringence. Gout/pseudogout are covered as part of the PANCE Musculoskeletal Blueprint Question 15Which of the following agents is most appropriate in the treatment of a pregnant patient infected with Chlamydia? AtetracyclineHint: Tetracyclines (A Azithromycin 1 g orally in a single dose is both safe and effective - it is now considered first-line treatment by the CDC for use in pregnancy. Of the choices above, erythromycin is best and is considered an alternative regimen. PCN does not work for Chlamydia. Tetracyclines (A & E) should be avoided. Quinolones (norfloxacin) are contraindicated. Note: Erythromycin estolate is contraindicated during pregnancy because of drug-related hepatotoxicity. So you would use either Erythromycin base or Erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Chlamydia  is covered as part of the PANCE Infectious Disease Blueprint. Question 16Typically, it produces a local burning, followed in 3 to 4 hours by a white area of vasoconstriction. Subsequently, a bleb forms at the bite site, darkens, and is followed over hours to days by tissue necrosis. Which of the following inflicts this envenomation? Abrown recluse spiderBblack widow spiderCscorpion DDermacentor andersoni tickEthe centipedeQuestion 16 Explanation: This is a brown recluse spider bite. Spider bites  are covered as part of the  PANCE Dermatology Blueprint Question 17A patient with acute renal failure provides a urine specimen that demonstrates normal osmolality and sodium content. The urine contains no casts, but RBCs are present. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of this patient's acute renal failure? Aprerenal causeHint: In pre-renal ARF, the sodium content of the urine would be decreased (because the patient is volume depleted, so the kidneys try to retain Na - less is in the urine)Bintrarenal — glomerulonephritisCintrarenal — acute tubular necrosisHint: In intrarenal disease, the urine would contain casts. Dintrarenal — interstitial nephritisEpostrenal causeQuestion 17 Explanation: In pre-renal ARF, the sodium content of the urine would be decreased (because the patient is volume depleted, so the kidneys try to retain Na - less is in the urine). In intrarenal disease, the urine would contain casts. So, this is postrenal disease (usually a big prostate or stones) which would cause normal urine with rbc's. Acute renal failure  is covered as part of the PANCE Genitourinary Blueprint. Question 18All of the following, when administered to the physically dependent opiate abuser, can precipitate withdrawal symptoms EXCEPT: AnaloxoneBpentazocineCnalbuphineDmethadoneEbuprenorphineQuestion 18 Explanation: That is why we use methadone when weaning folks from opiates (like heroin). Substance Use Disorders are covered as part of the  PANCE Psychiatry Blueprint. Question 19During a sports 'screening physical' examination, a 15-year-old male is noted to have a murmur. You perform bedside maneuvers in an attempt to delineate which type of murmur you are auscultating. Which of the following would be the finding associated with the highest risk of sudden death for this patient? Athe intensity of the murmur increases during a valsalva maneuverBthe intensity of the murmur decreases during standingCthe murmur does not change while the patient squatDthe intensity of the murmur decreases during exerciseEelevation of the legs while the patient is supine increases the intensity of the murmurQuestion 19 Explanation: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most common cause of sudden cardiac death in this age individual) would have a systolic ejection murmur which would INCREASE with Valsalva (decreased preload causing a smaller LV volume and an increase in the obstruction) The murmur would DECREASE with squat or elevating the legs (increase preload, make the LV volume larger and decrease the obstruction). Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy  is covered as part of the PANCE Cardiology Blueprint. Question 20A 44-year-old male presents with a fever, a cough productive of brownish sputum,  rigors and lethargy for seven days. A chest x-ray reveals a right middle lobe infiltrate and a right-sided pleural effusion. A thoracentesis is performed. Which of the following results from the pleural fluid analysis would be most characteristic of acute pneumonia? Apleural fluid: serum LDH ratio >0.6Bpleural fluid specific gravity Cpleural fluid without proteinDpleural fluid without LDHEpleural fluid:serum protein ratio Question 20 Explanation: The question suggests bacterial pneumonia. The pleural fluid should have high LDH (pleural > serum), a high specific gravity (lots of "stuff' in the fluid), a large amount of protein (WBC's, bacteria, and "stuff"). Bacterial pneumonia  is covered as part of the  PANCE Pulmonary Blueprint. Question 21A patient presents with severe diarrhea described as watery and bloody. He states he ate some chicken at a farm and wasn't sure if it was cooked well enough. His stool demonstrates many WBC's and S-shaped gram-neg rods. Which of the following antimicrobial agent of choice should be used to treat this patient? AmetronidazoleBerythromycinCampicillinDciprofloxacinEdoxycyclineQuestion 21 Explanation: Campylobacter = erythromycin. Infectious and Noninfectious Diarrhea  is covered as part of the  PANCE GI and Nutrition Blueprint. Question 22An 82-year-old man presents with acute, atraumatic left flank pain which is constant. He denies fever. Since its onset, the pain has moved from the flank to the central abdomen and also radiates into the left inguinal area. Of the following, which diagnosis do you suspect? Aacute bacterial prostatitisBspigelian herniaCcalyceal obstructionDacute biliary colicEdissecting aortic aneurysmQuestion 22 Explanation: This is CONSTANT pain, so not colicky (like colic, C & D). It is in the abdomen, and not perineal (like BPH), and I have no idea what a Spigelian hernia is.... but in this older gentleman, the most important thing to r/o is AAA which is dissecting. Aortic aneurysm/dissection  is covered as part of the  PANCE Cardiology Blueprint. Question 23A 32-year-old female presents with an acute narrow-complex tachycardia noted on her twelve lead EKG. Her blood pressure is 110/72. Her heart rate is 156. She denies chest pain and dyspnea. What do you order next for this patient? Abretylium 500 mg intravenouslyBverapamil 5 mg intravenouslyCadenosine 6 mg intravenouslyDdigoxin 0.5 mg intravenouslyElidocaine 100 mg intravenouslyQuestion 23 Explanation: The treatment for SVT (regular narrow complex tachycardia in a young healthy patient) could be valsalva or carotid massage, and then adenosine 6 mgm. IV bolus. Supraventricular tachycardia  is covered as part of the  PANCE Cardiology Blueprint. Question 24A 56-year-old male presents complaining of night sweats, weight loss, a cough and shortness of breath. A urinalysis demonstrates hematuria. The patient had a positive PPD skin test six months ago but was never treated. You order a chest x-ray and expect to find pathology in which area of the lung? Athe anterior aspect of the lung basesBthe lingual of the left lungCthe right middle lobeDthe posterior aspect of the lung basesEthe apices of the lungsQuestion 24 Explanation: TB reactivated typically appears in the apices of the lung fields. Tuberculosis  is covered as part of the  PANCE Pulmonary Blueprint. Question 25A mother brings her nine-year-old son to your office, along with the snake that bit him 20 minutes earlier. Which of the following, if identified during your examination of the snake, is most suggestive that the snake is poisonous? Aelliptical pupilsBa rounded headCa double row of caudal platesDthe length of the snakeEthe presence of a black band next to a red bandQuestion 25 Explanation: There are two families of poisonous snakes: Viperidae is pit vipers, rattlesnakes, water moccasins, copperheads. They are distinguished by elliptical pupils vs. round in non-venomous snakes. Elapidae contains cobras, mambas, taipan and coral snakes. There are differentiated by their color bands, "red on yellow kills a fellow", "red on black, venom lack". Most poisonous snakes in the US - coral snakes. Mambas are the most poisonous in the world; cobras are hooded at the neck and are next most poisonous but neither of these is found in the U.S. Animal  and insect bites are covered as part of the  PANCE Infectious Disease Blueprint. Question 26Which of the following vaccines can prevent cancer? Arubella vaccineBrubeola vaccineChepatitis B vaccineDinfluenza vaccineEtetanus vaccineQuestion 26 Explanation: Think of Hep B and Hep C as carcinogens. We don't have a Hep C vaccine yet, but we DO have a Hep B vaccine. Since chronic Hep B and Hep C infection cause liver cancer, a vaccine can "prevent" it. Acute and chronic hepatitis  are covered as part of the  PANCE Genitourinary Blueprint. Question 27A 51-year-old male who has smoked for 32 years, presents complaining of a  persistent cough. His chest x-ray is unremarkable. The cough began shortly after he started a new medication. Which medication do you suspect as the cause? AverapamilBdigoxinCcaptoprilDacetaminophenElovastatinQuestion 27 Explanation: ACEI's cause chronic cough. Captopril is the prototypical ACEI. Ace inhibitors and other cardiac medications are  covered as part of the  PANCE Cardiology Blueprint Question 28Which of the following is associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer? Adelivering the first child at an age greater than 40 years oldBa positive family history of ovarian cancerCpresent age greater than 50 years oldDbeing nulliparousEoral contraceptive useQuestion 28 Explanation: OCP's protect (reduce risk by 40% for a decade after one year of use). Ovarian Neoplasms  are covered as part of the  PANCE Reproductive System Blueprint. Question 29A patient is given a new product for an acute migraine headache. Shortly after the injection, the patient complains of significant chest tightness. Which of the following medications do you suspect this patient received? ApromethazineBmetoclopramideCsumitriptanDtrimethobenzamideEketorolacQuestion 29 Explanation: Sumatriptan (Imitrex) and all triptans can cause chest tightness as it is a potent vasoconstrictor. You must use it with caution in a patient with risk factors for coronary disease and in uncontrolled hypertension. Migraine  headaches are covered as part of the  PANCE Neurology Blueprint. Question 30Which of the following does NOT increase the likelihood of infection in a cancer patient? AthrombocytopeniaBmalnutritionCthe presence of catheters or shunts for therapeutic interventionDneutropeniaEsplenectomyQuestion 30 Explanation: Decreased platelets could predispose the patient to bleeding, the others would increase his risk for infection. Thrombocytopenia  is covered as part of the  PANCE Hematology Blueprint. Once you are finished, click the button below. Any items you have not completed will be marked incorrect. Get Results There are 30 questions to complete. List Return Shaded items are complete. 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930End Return You have completed questions question Your score is Correct Wrong Partial-Credit You have not finished your quiz. If you leave this page, your progress will be lost. Correct Answer You Selected Not Attempted Final Score on Quiz Attempted Questions Correct Attempted Questions Wrong Questions Not Attempted Total Questions on Quiz Question Details Results Date Score Hint Time allowed minutes seconds Time used Answer Choice(s) Selected Question Text All doneNeed more practice!Keep trying!Not bad!Good work!Perfect! Want 100's of more questions just like these? 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PRICE Surname Meaning and Family History

Price is a patronymic surname derived from the Welsh ap Rhys, meaning son of Rhys. The given name Rhys means enthusiasm in Welsh. Price is the 84th most popular surname in the United States. Price is also popular in England, coming in as the 47th most common surname. Surname Origin:  Welsh Alternate Surname Spellings:  PRYCE, PRIS, PRYS, PREECE, PREES, PRICE, PREIS, PREUSS Famous People with the PRICE  Surname Leontyne Price  - African-American professional soprano opera singerVincent Price  -  American actorBruce Price  - architect of many of the Canadian Pacific Railways Chà ¢teau-type stations and hotelsCarey Price -  Canadian hockey goaltender for the NHL Montreal CanadiensRichard Price - Welsh philosopherWilliam Price - 19th-century Welsh physician and eccentricFlorence Beatrice Price (born Smith)  -  award-winning African-American  pianist and composer Where is the PRICE Surname Most Common? According to surname distribution from  Forebears, Price is the 1,357th most common surname in the world—found most prevalently in the United States, but most common in Wales based on percentage of the population bearing the name. The Price surname ranks as the 19th most common last name in Wales, 71st most common in England and 82nd most common in the United States. In  1881 the Price surname was most common in southern Wales, especially in Glamorganshire, Brecknockshire, Radnorshire and Monmouthshire. Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  also show the Price surname as especially common in Wales, as well as in the West Midlands region of England. Within the United States, Price is most common in the state of North Carolina, followed by South Carolina and West Virginia. Genealogy Resources for the Surname PRICE 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Price, Priest, Pryce Surname DNA ProjectThis DNA project is connecting individuals with the Price surname and Welsh derivatives such as  Breece, Breeze, Brice, Bryce, Preece, Preecs, Prees, Priest, Pris, Prys, Reece, Rees, Reese, Rhys, Rice and the German variants Preis and Preuss, who are interested in using both Y-DNA and mtDNA testing to help discover common Price or Pryce ancestors. Price Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Price family crest or coat of arms for the Price surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Price Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Price ancestors around the world. Search or browse the archives for your Price ancestors, or join the group and post your own Price family query. FamilySearch - PRICE GenealogyExplore over 5.4  million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Price surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. DistantCousin.com - PRICE Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Price. GeneaNet - Price  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Price  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Price  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Price surname from the website of Genealogy Today.----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins